Primary vein graft patency with or without intraoperative treatment of the grafts with E2F decoy oligonucleotides. In a small cohort of patients at high risk for primary graft failure, primary patency at 12 months was improved with E2F decoy blockade of cell cycle gene expression and neointimal hyperplasia (P = 0.04). The absence of ongoing failures beyond the first 6 months in the treated group may suggest a long-term stabilization of graft wall architecture via this one-time, intraoperative gene manipulation approach. (From ref. 11).